Cooperative and competitive school climate: their impact on sense of belonging across cultures

The role of sense belonging within an educational context has been well-documented. Previous studies on belongingness using OECD-PISA data showed that the degree to which students feel a their school varies across countries. current study extents prior findings by analyzing relationship between and perceived competitiveness cooperation in schools 2018 PISA cycle, including from 76 Perceived all countries aggregated country level was significantly positively correlated with belongingness. Belongingness regressed cooperativity results both variables being significant predictors expected directions. Together, two climate explained 18.8% variance Thus, there is robust cross-cultural evidence negatively affected competitive cooperative classroom climate.